8. Ethiopia (10th century BCE)
Ethiopia, officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. It is one of the oldest countries in the world with a recorded history that dates back over 3,000 years. Ethiopia is unique among African countries for maintaining its independence throughout the colonial era, with the brief exception of an Italian occupation from 1936 to 1941. Ethiopia’s historical roots can be traced back to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which emerged in the first century CE. Aksum was a major trading empire that controlled key trade routes between Africa and Asia. The kingdom was also one of the early adopters of Christianity, which became the state religion. The ruins of Aksum, including giant obelisks (stelae), royal tombs, and ancient churches, are a testament to the civilization’s grandeur and are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Zagwe dynasty later came to power and continued the Christian legacy by constructing the famous rock-hewn churches of Lalibela in the 12th and 13th centuries. These remarkable structures were carved directly out of solid rock and are considered one of the wonders of the world. Ethiopia is also known for its rich cultural heritage, which includes a diverse array of ethnic groups, languages, and traditions. The country’s Oromo, Amhara, Tigray, and Somali populations contribute to a tapestry of cultural practices that include unique music, dance, and cuisine. The country has its own unique script, known as Ge’ez, and a calendar that differs from the Gregorian system used by much of the world. With its diverse cultural landscapes, ancient historical sites, and natural beauty, including the Simien Mountains and the Danakil Depression, Ethiopia remains a country of great historical significance and a place of immense interest to travelers and scholars alike.